Lancaster County’s mills were an extremely important part of the commerce of the county in the early days. An 1840 census showed 383 mills in the county, which amounts to one mill for every two and a half square miles. They were hubs of the local economy. The location of the mills often dictated the formation of the county road networks. Today, the approximately 100 that remain stand as testaments to a bygone era. Two of the mills in the county are set up as museums and are worth a visit.

The first mills in the county were typically one- and-a-half story structures, sometimes constructed of logs or as a frame building on a stone foundation. It was an expensive proposition to build a mill. It required someone with engineering experience to find a suitable location for the mill, construct the dam and excavate the head and tail races. The builder would need to employ stone masons and carpenters to build the mill and a mill wright to install the waterwheel and construct the wooden gears. The builder would also have to purchase the mill stones from Europe and have them shipped and delivered to the location. These early mills had just enough capacity to serve the local community. The miller would receive a share of the grain or flour in payment for processing the farmer’s grain (the miller’s toll). Later, if the mill was successful, it would be expanded to serve a wider area.

Since the most important asset of a water-powered mill is its water source, I have organized this site by watersheds. The major watersheds in Lancaster County are listed below. You can click on the links to explore the mills on each watershed.